of people that set out for the Holy Land over a two-hundred-year period (1095–1291) caused unspeakable damage, and tens of thousands of lives were lost. Though the early crusades were favored with a degree of military success, those gains were lost in the end. So bitter was the animosity of Muslims toward Christians that even today the memory has not been erased. Not all Christians of this period, however, believed that military force was the appropriate way to deal with the Muslims. During the early